Murders in the Rue Morgue

Edgar Allen Poe is considered the father of the modern mystery novel as well as a premier short story writer and poet. While it may not be â€Å"CSI†, his novella â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† also discussed rudimentary forensics with detectives discovering that hair left on the murder victims is not human. Not bad for a guy born almost 200 years ago. Poe was the son of an actress, born in Boston in 1809. He attended the University of Virginia after being raised by the Allen family after his mother dies.In his short life, Poe developed a drinking and drug habit (Wilson) and his love to disease. Poe lived only 40 years, but was prolific, writing some of the best-known horror short stories of all time. Most children grow up shivering to the tales of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Pit and the Pendulum† and as adults, the equally chilling tales of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"Hop-Frog† inspire horror. His gothic writing s tyle created horror and love with a deep atmosphere, with poems like â€Å"Annabelle Lee†.And, stories like â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† are both social and historical commentary on the plight of the plague victims. His poem â€Å"The Conqueror Worm† also talks about the struggle of good versus evil. Part of the appeal of the works of Poe is that he is so diverse. Though best known for the poem â€Å"The Raven†, stories like â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue† show the diversity of his abilities. The ability to write mystery stories and horror is not a given and his works gave rise to ideas that would later become the industry standard.For example, the idea of hiding in plain sight developed out of the short story â€Å"The Purloined Letter†. The very concept of forensics was introduced in the â€Å"Rue Morgue† and Poe was also a major force in the development of the detective novel. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of Poeâ €™s life and works was that his life was marred by tragedy. His lover, a cousin, died within two years of their marriage and his mother died while he was young. His dark and tragic life is blamed and credited for his genius.Whether his poetry can be put down to the fleeting fantasy of laudanum induced hallucinations or the words of a tortured soul, no one can say. What we can say is that Poe is one of the first truly great American writers. WORKS CITED Girando, Robert. â€Å"Welcome to PoeStories. Com† http://www. poemuseum. org/, October 29, 2007. â€Å"Poe Museum† , October 29, 2007. Wilson, James Southall. â€Å"Poe’s Life† http://www. poemuseum. org/poes_life/index. html, October 29, 2007.

Brannigan Case Analysis Essay

  Strengths: Brannigan Foods’ Soup Division has the largest soup market share in the United States at 39.8%. They are willing to change and have the capital to do so.   Weaknesses: The soup industry as a whole has been on a consistent decline over the last several years. Brannigan’s has wasted money acquiring small businesses that have done little to nothing for profits. They have also been developing different types of soup in which only 1 out of 100 is actually well received by consumers.   Opportunities: They have the potential to be the leaders in healthy canned soups that are offered in a variety of trendy flavors. Brannigan Foods is already a well –established brand with many loyal followers who can regain their brand identity through less marketing than a newer or smaller business.   Threats: Frozen and deli soup industries are trending and causing the market shares of shelved soups to plummet. Any quick and easy meal option from fast food to macaroni and cheese are threats to this industry and to Brannigan’s The problem presented in this case is that Mr. Bert Clark needs to make a formal budget and action plan for the CEO to address the three year downturn in profitability, market share and sales. Consumers aren’t purchasing as much soup as they have in the past. With so much variety, not only within soups, but among all food options, it’s hard to make consumers choose only your brand every time. Price plays a large role in buyer decisions when it comes to items that they plan to store in their cupboard. If the price isn’t low enough, they can just switch brands or wait until later to purchase their stock items. Brannigan’s has been steadily increasing their price to ebb the effects of the lower sales amounts. Brannigan’s hasn’t done anything to increase the value of their soups in the minds of consumers; they have only raised the price. The true problem is that customers aren’t finding enough value in Brannigan Foods Soups to rationalize spending more on them than they had before. I propose that they have a contest to develop new flavors of soups, with the winner receiving a combination price of money and a year’s supply of Brannigan Foods Soups. Buying up smaller brands of soups doesn’t sound feasible seeing as how it hasn’t worked at any time before for this company. Another option is to seasonalize the soups to allow for new flavor varieties to be introduced in spurts. Heartier (potato, noodle and cream) soups are desired in the winter, where as a gazpacho is in a higher demand in the summer. Allow consumers to take surveys to receive coupons for your products and ask them what they want in a soup. The contest concept can do wonders for creating a buzz about your product and is the best alternative. Even more importantly, you are gaining insight into exactly what the consumers want. This nation has been so overly advertised to that people tend to ignore ads all together. What they don’t ignore is the chance to win something with no risk. Lay’s â€Å"Do Us a Flavor† contest has been a great success over traditional marketing strategies. Why you ask? â€Å"The answer is simple: consumers don’t trust traditional marketing strategies anymore, and businesses are getting creative, using consumer-generated marketing—directly involving the customer in the marketing and development of products—to succeed† (Jones, 2013). Works Cited Jones, Alex. â€Å"Potato Chips and the Role of the Consumer in Marketing and Product Development.† FRESHMR. Market Strategies International, 17 May 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.

The Deadly Choices at Memorial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Deadly Choices at Memorial - Essay Example owever, the hospital had to face various challenges in preserving a healthy environment being surrounded with motionless dozens of bodies and suffering from shortage of water and electricity. As a consequence, the temperature level increased to 100 degree inside the hospital. To save the affected people from high temperature, lethal doses of drugs were also injected to some patients (Klein, 2013). Owing to these hazards, mortuary workers had to carry 45 dead bodies from the Memorial. Few years after that incident, investigators pored over evidence and department of justice agents had detained the doctors and the nurses connected with deaths of four patients. Doctor Anna Pou, one of those convicts, used electronic media to prove herself innocent. To get over that mess, Anna Pou also used numerous steps and suggested new laws regarding the standard of medical care during emergencies (Klein, 2013). Hence, it can be identified that the incident of Hurricane Katrina has not only brought w idespread destructions with it, but it has also generated several questions regarding the morality and medical ethics of the professionals deployed in the hospital. The objective of this paper is thus to judge the practices of professionals engaged in providing support services in Memorial Medical Center during the event of Hurricane Katrina. The report revealing the death of four people during the event of Hurricane Katrina in Memorial Medical Center, due to the injection of lethal doses of drugs, along with other deaths in the hospital, is certainly throbbing. The actions of the various medical practitioners within the Memorial Medical Center in the then scenario have further been subjected to extensive criticism. Many of the experts have contended that the actions of the medical practitioners in the hospital were a mere effect of medical negligence and unethical conduct (Fink, 2009). Nevertheless, I firmly believe that it would be too early to describe the actions of the medical

Debt ceiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Debt ceiling - Essay Example The researcher states that debt ceiling is the limit to which debts can be borrowed. The debt ceiling as perceived in the United States is the maximum amount of debt that can be borrowed by the United States in order to run its operations. The process through which debt is borrowed by the government is by issuing bonds. The government issues bonds in order to raise the debt and the holders of such bonds hold the position of a creditor. The bonds have a date of maturity and a rate of return, and these are held by individuals or organizations as available for sale as well. Due to the application of debt ceiling, there is a limit to the amount borrowed by the United States through such bonds, which means the overall deficit in the federal budget cannot exceed the debt ceiling therefore it can be said the overall spending of the government is limited to the extent of the debt ceiling. The topic of debt ceiling was selected because it holds significant importance in the current economic s ituation of the United States. After the recent debt ceiling crisis and the impacts of this crisis on the overall economy of the United States, the understanding of the concept of debt ceiling holds significant importance. Before the debt ceiling was created in the United States, the President was free to make decisions regarding the overall borrowings by the US. The debt ceiling was created in 1917 in order to ensure the accountability of the debt borrowings by the US. Debt ceiling is important for the economy of the US in a number of ways. Following are some of the important aspects of the debt ceiling.... The debt ceiling does not only keep the overall borrowings in control but there are a number of other economic factors linked with borrowing that also come under control due to the debt ceiling. When the debt ceiling is reached while determining a budget, the regulatory authorities can use ‘extraordinary measures’ to raise the required finances in order to remain under the debt ceiling. Such extraordinary measures are not considered unless there is a genuine need to raise the finances such as for saving a part of the government to shut down. There is a limit to the amount of funds to be raised through such ‘extraordinary measures’ and if the regulatory authorities remain unable to raise the required amount of funds through such measures as well, a rise in the debt ceiling is considered.The debt ceiling also influences the extent of government spending. In the presence of debt ceiling, there would be a control over the government’s decisions regarding spending on its operations. Excess government spending may result in increased deficit in the budget. Since the deficit in the budget and government spending influence the overall economic activity in the country, it may lead to a steep rise in inflation in the country. Thus, debt ceiling is important to keep an active control over the borrowings made by the US and the spending made by the government.The debt ceiling is also important because it keeps the federal budget of the United States under control. The debt ceiling keeps the regulatory authorities from exceeding the borrowing limit and in order to meet the deficits in the budget, other measures are resorted to. In the recent past, the debt ceiling has caused

Substance Abuse among the elderly populatin Article

Substance Abuse among the elderly populatin - Article Example Some participants were â€Å"early onset† drug users. These users started substance abuse at an early age especially during adolescences and early adulthood periods. The habit began as a result of experimentation, peer pressure and recreational use. Other respondents began use of substances later in life due to stressful life experiences like death of close relatives, divorces or pressure from drug user partners and friends. The research found there were negative effects on health status of drug abusers. In addition, the substance abusers lived poor quality of lives compared to other people. Most of the substance users lived alone with evidences of social isolation. Among the eleven interviewed, divorced respondents were five and the rest six had not married. Eight respondents lived alone. The research also found that the older people who were abusing drugs died earlier than other elder people who did not abuse substances. According to results of the study, ageing people used drug according to personal choice in accordance to effects and availability of drugs and substances. Drugs abused included cannabis, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), amphetamines, morphine, heroin, tobacco and alcohol. Participants had various adverse health conditions such as circulatory problems, diabetes, liver cirrhosis and hepatitis. In addition, there were evidences of weight loss, anxiety, impaired mobility, obesity, malnutrition, paranoia and memory loss. The study on substance abuse and elderly population should be expanded, and numerous study be done. It is important to know what influences the ageing population into substance abuse. I recommend for further research to determine why the ageing population engages in substance abuse. As a social worker, the study will help me in dealing with the ageing population and advise them on various activities they can engage in instead of substances abuse. Roe. B, Beynon. C, Pickering. L and Duffy. P (2010). Experiences

Project brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Project brief - Essay Example Project management scientists describe about various types of organization structures for the smooth project completion. In other words, there are various ways in which the people involved can be related and arranged together. The project management team has to consider the needs of the individuals and the needs of the company. For the smooth operations in carrying out a project the relationships between the people involved and their way of interactions would be planned and organized. Poorly organized team will have dysfunctional communication lines and will cause informal locus centers of power and pave way for destructional politics and will lead to total anarchy. According to Sadler1, the three tasks that are very important for project management are control, integration and the relationships. Hence, in this essay, various people involved and how they will be organized together to complete the School and Community arts center is discussed. When the community arts centre and the school are planned in the city, first there is the client and the company. The client being the Local authority, a local council and the company is the architect who is the project manager. But upon further reading we can understand that, there are more players in this project. The project requirements are building a school, day care centre and in addition a small community hall and small community arts centre. I building these 4 structures, the city council and the architect have to interact with quite number of parties such depending upon the requirements. to understand the relationships between the various parties, first we have to know the background of the project. The land for the development of the school and community hall are to be ceded to the local authority. The primary school that is to be built is going to replace an existing primary school. When the developers want

Texts in Conversations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Texts in Conversations - Essay Example Finally, third wave feminism continues through the contemporary cultural landscape. In addition to large-scale political change, each of these movements is reflected in the artistic and cultural production of feminist writers of the time. This essay critically reviews prominent texts from each of the feminist waves – Virginia Woolf’s ‘Shakespeare’s Sister’, Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘the Second Sex,’ and Rebecca Walker’s ‘Becoming the Third Wave.’ Virginia Woolf was one of the most prominent writers within the first wave spectrum of feminist thought. Today her novels and essays remain widely read for both their literary qualities, as well as their prescient perspective on women’s equality. In terms of her stance on women’s equality, her text ‘Shakespeare’s Sister’ represents one of her most powerful statements. Woolf begins this text with the provocative statement, â€Å"It would h ave been impossible, completely and entirely, for any woman to have written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of Shakespeare† (Woolf). In addition to holding significant rhetorical quality, this statement is an indictment of both 17th century Europe, as well as cultural climate of Woolf’s time that severely restricts the rights of women. While Woolf’s text expresses many of the concerns that will later be echoed in second and third wave feminist literature, it’s clear that Woolf’s formulations distinctly constitute proto-feminist concerns. As Woolf’s text unravels it’s clear that it focuses upon the position of a woman in 17th century England. She seminally writes that any, â€Å"woman born with a great gift in the sixteenth century would certainly have gone crazed, shot herself, or ended her days in some lonely cottage outside the village, half witch, half wizard, feared and mocked† (Woolf). Even as Woolf is referring to the condition of the woman in 17th century Europe, it’s clear that her statements are reflective of her own social challenges. The cultural climate of Woolf’s time remain highly centered on the male as the breadwinner and this carried over into the process of education and social responsibility. In these regards, Woolf is articulating essential aspects of the woman’s experience in her world; namely the nature of patriarchal society as restricting the woman’s full potential and the abhorrent recognition of this reality. While such concerns are more emblematic of first wave feminism, they are reflective of the central of all feminist waves, and are reflected in both de Beauvoir and Walker’s texts. Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘the Second Sex’ is recognized as a seminal text in terms of the second wave feminist movement. While Woolf’s work examined broader feminist and human rights concern, de Beauvoir’s text is more rooted in th e cultural climate of her day. It’s also clear that while Woolf’s text is more concerned with the oppressive social mechanisms that restrict women’s rights, de Beauvoir is further pointed as she directly identifies men as the oppressive party. Consider de Beauvoir who writes, â€Å"The whole of feminine history has been man-made. Just as in America there is no Negro problem, but rather a white problem; just as anti-Semitism is not a Jewish problem, it is our problem; so the woman problem has always been a man problem† (De Beauvoir, pg. 102). In these regards,

Fashion Taste and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion Taste and Ethics - Essay Example Each of the class has its own taste for the basic and secondary needs aspect that is commonly used by marketers as they launch new products in the market. In their efforts to emulate new consumption habits, members of the middle class as well as those at the lower social class imitate the taste of the upper calls members. This paper evaluates the relationship that exists between taste and class, one of the major aspects of identity. Class Social class entails the set of concepts that are adopted by social scientists to group individuals with similar consumption habits and taste into various categories. Being a vital analysis tool for the political scientists and sociologists, social class enables firms and governments to provide amenities and goods that are not only aimed at improving the living standard of individuals but also to improve economic performance of a country. According to Marxist theory, class involves the combination of subjective and objective factors. While the subjective individuals possess some perception of common interests and similarity among themselves, objectively members of the same class share common relationship to the factors used in the production of goods and services (Arsel and Jonathan, 2013). This implies that in most cases, the subjective factors play a key role in ensuring that members of a similar has have a similar taste towards a particular products. On his part, Max Weber, a reno wned sociologist formulated a major theory of stratification that depicted political power as a connection between class, status and group power. According to Weber, education and skills possessed by a person highly determines the class portion of an individual as compared to their relationship with the factors of production. Upper class Upper class is made up of the well-born or wealthy individuals. In most societies, the condition to enter upper class is being wealth. In others, individuals born in particular aristocratic bloodlines are taken to be the member of the upper class. As a result of the passing of the wealth from one generation to another within the upper class, their demand for luxuries and other expensive products remains constant. Some of the major factors that have resulted to high demand for expensive commodities by the members of the upper class include high generation of revenue from lands and rents among other sources of wealth. Even though the members of the up per class are not many especially for the developing countries, their implication on the aggregate demand for consumer products is significant in the growth for any economy. Middle class Middle class involves the group of people who fall between the upper and the lower classes. It covers the white collar employees who earn a significant income to cover their household needs. To ensure that their status is improved, individuals within the middle class have highly demand education and technologies the major aspects that enables them to enter the upper class. As compared to the upper class, members of the middle class have a lower taste for the luxurious products since their aim it to improve their economic status. In this regard, they look for employment opportunities that will expand their incomes and allow them to pursue further education thus enhancing their skills. One of the significant aspects of the middle cl

Indigenous Knowledge Amd Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Knowledge Amd Essay Pedagogy in First Nations Education A Literature Review with Recommendations. ’’ Marie Battiste, director of the Apamuwek Institute, in partnership with the Canadian Government has made a research conducting a literature review on indigenous knowledge. The author writes about the challenges that such a research implies. For example, the record of educational knowledge for indigenous people is not necessarily done through books as with the European knowledge system. Throughout the years, the rights of indigenous knowledge in the educational system under the constitutional Act of 1982 section 35 and 52 (p. 13) was not always respected. Her goal s to ensure that the right information about indigenous knowledge is integrated into classrooms. To achieve it, Battiste proposes three approaches. The first one would be to clarify insights into the tensions between Indigenous people and European ways of knowing. The second approach is on innovating program to help understand the challenges of Native People. The third part is based on the Author’s research and the Ministry recommendations in improving First Nations education. Marie Battiste suggests to focus on ‘’ Similarities between the two systems of knowledge ather than on their differences’’ as a start to introduce educational reform. (p. 11). Reference: Battiste. M. (2002) Indigenous Knowledge and Pedagogy in First Nations Education

Internet addiction Essay Example for Free

Internet addiction Essay Addiction pertains to a behavioral issue that is mainly characterized by an urge to consume a particular item or perform a specific activity repeatedly (Pies, 2009). Addiction is different from abuse, which is technically a less serious version of this behavioral problem. The act of repeatedly performing an action or consuming a specific substance is mainly influenced by external and internal factors. Addiction is largely influenced by the physiological and psychological effect that an individual achieves when he performs a specific action or consumes a particular item. It is also possible for social factors to affect an individual to repeatedly perform a specific action. The Internet is one of the latest networks that links people to the rest of the world by enabling them to communicate and gather information at the fastest and most efficient way to date (Collier, 2009). The accessibility of the Internet in almost every place in the community has resulted in its integration into various settings, including business offices, academic institutions and homes. Aside from communication and the transfer of data from one computer user to another, the Internet currently serves as the prime source for entertainment to the public. It is now possible to download music, videos and even literature with such ease and precision. Alongside the availability of this helpful technology, there are also a number of negative effects that are associated with Internet use. The human psyche has been influenced by the Internet, which in turn has resulted in an addiction that is similar to the repeated actions involved in drug or alcohol use. This consequence has affected not only the addicted individual himself, but also his immediate family and co-workers. To date, there is no official term that could be employed to designate this particular addiction to the Internet (Zboralski et al. , 2009). However, it is quite easy to describe the activities of this behavioral issue based on the actions of an individual, including the need to check certain websites continuously and spending an extended period of time in front of the computer. In addition, Internet addiction could also involve frequent and continuous participation in online games, email, chat or messenger sessions. Controversy regarding the actual designation of Internet addiction is currently under the scrutiny of psychologists and other analysts. According to Pies (2009), the psychological manifestations associated with Internet addiction are similar to the other types of addiction, including that of drug and alcohol dependency. However, the physiological relationship of Internet addiction to the human body still needs to be further examined. Pies (2009) suggested that there must be an underlying medical condition that pushes an individual to repeatedly use the Internet, yet this still has to be identified. It is still thus premature to call Internet addiction as a disease, with the current insufficient amount of information that has been gathered on these occurrences. In an attempt to determine the extent of Internet addiction in the general society, a number of investigators have attempted to examine the frequency of Internet use in relation to the purpose of its use. In a study conducted by Zboralski et al. 2009) among school-age children, it was observed that 25% of the study population was strongly dependent to the Internet, including primary school children. Another interesting observation is that children who did not have siblings or children who were experiencing family problems were more likely to be addicted to Internet use. It is also alarming to find out that Internet-dependent children showed a greater susceptibility to enact aggressive behavior, as well as succumb to anxiety and depression. Deprivation of Internet use among addicts also results in withdrawal symptoms, as well as the development of an anxious stance. There are also cases wherein Internet addicts experience nausea and sweating when they engage in excessive use of the Internet, otherwise called computer binges (Collier, 2009). It is also observed that some Internet addicts undergo hyperarousal during interaction on the Internet. Unfortunately, there is no mention of other physiological responses to these reports, such as changes in the blood pressure or the heart rate of any study participants. It is thus recommended that for the time being, anecdotal, case and clinical reports be compiled for future reference and review.

Data Analysis Chapter Analysis

Data Analysis Chapter Analysis Part One: Based on my NTU username (N0687816), my data set is: (0,6,8,7,8,1,6) Section A) Forming a 99% confidence interval for my data set:       Our confidence interval is: We can therefore say with 99% confidence that the mean number of tattoos per student for the population of all students at NTU is between 0.54 and 9.74 Using Minitab for a 99% confidence interval for data set (0,0,0,1,3,3,7): Section B) Looking for evidence at the 97% confidence level of a difference between the samples: Sample 1 (0,6,8,7,8,1,6) Sample 2 (0,0,0,1,3,3,7) Sample sizes Sample means Sample variances I am going to use a two-sample T test to analyse this data as there are two small samples formed from data that is not paired. We can say with 97% confidence that there is no difference between the two samples. Using Minitab: Section C) Testing data from trialing a new inhaler Person 1 Person 2 Person 3 Person 4 Person 5 Person 6 Person 7 Before 0 6 8 7 8 1 6 After 0 0 0 1 3 3 7 To analyse this data, I will use a paired T-test as there are two sets of data for the same group of people (before and after using an inhaler). It is also unknown if the data is normally distributed and the sample is small which are both other factors which suggest the use of a T test. This test could be one or two tailed depending on whether you were looking for an improvement/reduction or a general change. In this case, however, we want the inhalers to have improved the peoples lung function so we will do a one tailed test. Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis. (The data is for recovery time in seconds so a reduction in the mean recovery time shows an improvement in lung function). Decision Rule: Performing the test: Let So There is not a specified confidence interval so I will use a 95% confidence interval so: Therefore:       We can therefore say with 95% confidence that the inhaler did improve the lung function of the people who used it. Testing the Manufacturers Claim I am going to use a one tailed hypothesis test. This is because it does not matter if the inhaler improves lung function in over 80% of cases, only if it does not reach this claim. I will take to be that and to be that . The lung function recovery time reduced in four of the seven trials so 4 events out of 7 trials, leading to and   Part Two: Section A) The Lady Tasting Tea Experiment The lady tasting tea experiment was a statistical experiment conducted by Ronald Fisher. As explained in The lady tasting tea experiment (Winkler, 2015), a lady claimed she could tell whether milk or tea was poured first in a cup of tea she tasted. Ronald Fishers book The Design of Experiments (see Winkler, 2015) outlined the ideas behind this test: [It] consists in mixing eight cups of tea, four in one way and four in the other, and presenting them to the subject for judgement in a random order. The subject has been told in advance [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] that she will be asked to taste eight cups, that these shall be four of each kind Fisher, 1935. According to Imai (2016), Fisher introduces the idea of a null hypothesis, which in this case, is the idea that the woman is guessing and cannot actually distinguish between the cups. Fisher then used the ladys answers to work out the likelihood of her getting this result whilst guessing. From this, he found that there were 70 ways to choose 4 cups out of 8 and that from these, there was 1 way of getting none and four correct, 16 ways of getting one and three correct and 36 ways of getting two correct, as shown by Inglis-Arkell (2015). Although pioneering, however, the test itself was not powerful. As explained by Stark (2010), the small sample size caused the probability of her guessing randomly only coming out less than 0.05 (the condition required to reject the null hypothesis) if she got a perfect score. This is because guessing all four correctly carried a probability of whereas guessing three out of four correctly carried a probability of . This issue would have been reduced with a much bigger sample size. For another mathematical example, we will look at the following question: Suppose the lady samples 10 cups of tea, among which 5 had the teapoured first and 5 had the milk poured first.a. What is the probability she correctly identifies all five cups which had the tea poured first? Sloughter, 2006. Following the logic displayed by Stark (2010) for the lady tasting tea problem, there would be only 1 way of choosing all five correctly. Using the formula (Simmons, 2016), we get ways of choosing five cups of tea out of the ten. This means that the probability of getting all five correct is . As stated by Inglis-Arkell (2015), the number of cups that the lady guessed correctly is unknown. Despite this, the lady tasting tea experiment is still extremely influential and led to Ronald Fisher being praised for his book The Design of Experiments due to how clearly he explained why randomisation is important and how he decided what would be acceptable evidence to accept or reject a statement. Reference List Imai, K., 2013. Statistical Hypothesis Tests [online]. Princeton University. Available at: http://imai.princeton.edu/teaching/files/tests.pdf [Accessed 9th January 2017]. Inglis-Arkell, E., 2015. How A Tea Party Turned Into A Scientific Legend [online]. Io9. Available at: http://io9.gizmodo.com/how-a-tea-party-turned-into-a-scientific-legend-1706697488 [Accessed 9th December 2016]. Simmons, B., 2016. Combination Formula [online]. Mathwords. Available at: http://www.mathwords.com/c/combination_formula.htm [Accessed 9th January 2017]. Sloughter, D., 2006. Mathematics of a Lady Tasting Tea [online]. Furman University. Available at: http://math.furman.edu/~dcs/courses/math15/lectures/lecture-19.pdf   [Accessed 9th December 2016]. Stark, P., 2010. StichiGui [online]. Available at: https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~stark/Teach/S240/Notes/ch3.htm [Accessed 9th January 2017]. Winkler, A. 2015. The lady tasting tea experiment [online]. Brainder. Available at: https://brainder.org/2015/08/23/the-lady-tasting-tea-and-fishers-exact-test/ [Accessed 5th December 2016]. Declaration: 1. I am aware of the Universitys rules on plagiarism and collusion and I understand that, if I am found to have broken these rules, it will be treated as Academic Misconduct and dealt with accordingly. I understand that if I lend this piece of work to another student and they copy all or part of it, either with or without my knowledge or permission, I shall be guilty of collusion. 2. In submitting this work I confirm that I am aware of, and am abiding by, the Universitys expectations for proof-reading. 3. I understand that I must submit this coursework by the time and date published. I also understand that if this coursework is submitted late it will, if submitted within 5 working days of the deadline date and time, be given a pass mark as a maximum mark. If received more than 5 working days after the deadline date and time, it will receive a mark of 0%. For referred or repeat coursework, I understand that if the coursework is not submitted by the published date and time, a mark of 0% will be automatically awarded. 4. I understand that it is entirely my responsibility to ensure that I hand in my full and complete coursework and that any missing pages handed in after the deadline will be disregarded. 5. I understand that the above rules apply even in the eventuality of computer or other information technology failures. 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A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective Citizenship Essays -- Hobbes Plato

A Hobbesian and Heroic Unreflective Citizenship In Meno, Plato asks â€Å"what virtue itself is† (Plato 60). This dialogue on virtue between Socrates and Meno ably frames a wider dialogue on ethics between Thomas Hobbes, the Greek heroic tradition, and the sophists of 5th century Athens. Hobbes’ Leviathan and Aristophanes’ The Clouds introduce three classes of ethical actors to respond to Plato’s inquiry: Hobbes’ ethical lemmings, the heroic ethical traditionalists, and the sophist ethical opportunists. The Meno also helps capture the essence of contemporary discussion of the morality of desire and emotivism, as articulated by Roberto Mangabeira Unger in Knowledge and Politics and Alasdair MacIntyre in After Virtue. Finally, I will examine—and then problematize— the Hobbesian and heroic responses to ethical subjectivism. SOCRATES: Meno, by the gods, what do you yourself say that virtue is? MENO: †¦There is virtue for every action and every age, for every task of ours and every one of us. (Meno 60-61) Meno helps Plato articulate the implications of subjectivism and the arbitrary designation of value. Roberto Mangabeira Unger’s discussion of the â€Å"morality of desire† (Unger 49) and Alasdair MacIntyre’s description of emotivism formalize the ethical importance of Meno’s inability to disaggregate the self from a definition of virtue. According to Unger, â€Å"[t]he morality of desire defines the good as the satisfaction of desire, the reaching of the goals to which our appetites and aversions incline us. The task of ethics on this view is to teach us how to organize life so that we shall approach contentment† (49). In a similar vein, MacIntyre describes emotivism in After Virtue: â€Å"Emotivism is the doctrine that all evaluative judgme... ...valuation, but can ensure the engagement of informed citizens and offer the choice and contrast between competing paradigms. Plato’s wisdom does not reside in his provision of definitions, but his understanding of the intrinsic good of an autonomous process of thinking, searching, and questioning—all of which absolute standards ignore. Works Cited Aristophanes. The Clouds. Trans. and foreword by William Arrowsmith. Forrest, W.G. The Emergence of Greek Democracy. Guthrie, W.C. A History of Greek Philosophy. Hobbes. Leviathan. Trans. Herbert W. Schneider. MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. 2nd Ed. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, Indiana, 1984. MacIntyre, Alasdair. A Short History of Ethics. Plato. Five Dialogues : Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Trans G. M. A. Grube. Unger, Roberto Mangabeira. Knowledge and Politics.

Safety and Effectiveness of the Atkins Diet :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whenever someone is deciding on what diet to go on, they consider whether it will keep the weight off in the end and what the pros and cons are compared to other diets. Atkins has been a growing trend in weight lost ever since Dr. Atkins came out with his best selling book Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. Through the examination of three different studies, researchers were able to determine whether the Atkins diet will keep weight off compared to calorie and fat reduced diets, as well as how this diet works. Although, further longitudinal research must be done in order to see the true repercussions of going on a low-carbohydrate diet, researchers can conclude that in the end, eating a low fat diet and exercising are the only true answers to losing weight.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins diet is for people who are over the low fat diet and exercising. The Atkins diet means restricting a person’s caloric intake to 5-10% from carbohydrates in their daily diet. Which is a vast reduction of carbohydrates compared to other diets that usually allow up to 40-45% of calories from foods like fruits and vegetables? The Atkins diet is no longer just a fad, it has really caught on worldwide, almost 20 million people now follow Dr. Atkins’ diet. The Atkins diet also claims to be a three in one diet, it not only allows people to lose weight, it also claims to keep the weight off without the feeling of hunger, and lastly it claims to help prevent disease. Through further review of previous studies, researchers are trying to explore whether or not this is possible, as well as how the Atkins diet really works.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Atkins diet claims that the way it works is by increasing the amount of energy being used causing people to lose weight. This diet also claims to increase the amount of energy being used by 2-3% more everyday. Further review of the studies on Atkins; found that this increased amount of energy being used only makes a small difference in the total amount of weight lost. Researchers claim that after reviewing all the studies that it might actually be the fact that the Atkins diet restricts so much of what you can eat that makes a person lose all that weight. The strict restrictions to what a person can and cannot eat are what researchers claim causes the

A brief history of diving Essay

For those who can swim, diving in the sense of scuba diving or deep sea diving is certainly one of the most enjoyable pastimes a person can have. Like anything else, it has its pleasures and its risks, but the allure of the sea is certainly a major part in the life of any avid diver. Still, diving has its risks and perhaps in some sense those risks are greater than in other endeavors. The allure of the sea and the desire to enjoy it as freely as a fish is irresistible to many. Our fascination with the oceans may have made diving popular in the 19th century, but if so, it was certainly made more popular by the introduction of scuba equipment in the middle of the 20th century. Despite the relatively recent development of deep sea diving apparatus and of scuba diving, men and women have been diving for centuries. Often diving is for pleasure, but at other times it is just another basic survival skill to gather food, hunt for sponges (Hong et al. , 1991) or engage in military endeavors or otherwise. Until the invention of diving equipment, man was unable to go underwater and remain submerged for any extended period of time. His stay under water was limited by his ability to hold his breath so the problem was how to extend the amount of time underwater and, of course, the obvious solution was to find a means to provide an air supply to a submerged person. In August of last year (2006) while testing the Navy’s new Atmospheric Diving System (ADS) suit off the coast of La Jolla CA, a village of San Diego, Daniel Jackson, a Naval Reserve Diver, made the deepest free dive in history, a total of 2,000 feet. (Guinness, 2006) Perhaps it is because of the allure of the sea, but long before Jackson, men and women practiced breath-holding. Diving has many useful purposes such as gathering and providing food, military, recreational, research and others so these factors have no doubt added to the allure of diving. Despite the relatively new advent of scuba equipment and deep sea diving equipment, diving has been around for a long time. Of course, it is necessary to hold one’s breath in order to go to any great depth and people have been using breath-holding techniques for diving for centuries. In ancient Greece, divers held their breath to search for sponges as some people do today, and throughout history some had done likewise in the process of military exploits. For those who wanted to stay underwater longer, the obvious question was how to do so? One solution was to breathe through hollow reeds while submerged. While this technique worked, there were limitations that prohibited it from being a valuable solution. Reeds longer than two feet long do not work well. Today we realize that it is difficult to inhale against water pressure below a certain depth. Another idea was to put air into a bag that could be used underwater, but that also presented problems, most significantly the fact that it caused divers to breathe in the carbon dioxide that had been exhaled. Although Aristotle wrote about a diving bell in the 4th century BC, all diving was probably done by holding the breath up until the 16th century. (Brylske, 1994; Somers, 1997) Whatever diving was done probably did not exceed depths of 100 feet if that much. The diving bell was the predominant diving apparatus during the 22 centuries from the 4th century BC until the around 1800. Using this stationary device, divers could get air from the bell and leave to do whatever they were doing underwater returning to the bell periodically for more air. This allowed divers to remain underwater until air in the bell was no longer breathable. By the 16th century, people began experimenting with diving bells. (Somers, 1997) These were actually bell shaped contraptions open at the bottom that were held a few feet from the surface. The diver could enter from the bottom which was open to water and the top part held compressed air, air that had been compressed by the water pressure. Early designs of the diving bell were refined in the late 1600s and became sizable and sophisticated by 1691 when Edmund Halley patented a ventilated diving bell that allowed divers to remain underwater for as much as an hour and a half. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) Even though electricity was not available for electric pumps at that time, manual pumps were used that could pump air from the surface down to divers as early as the 16th century in Europe. However, at greater depths, water pressure became a concern, so metal helmets and leather full diving suits were developed and used to protect divers who went below 60 feet. This diving equipment was continuously perfected up to the 19th and 20th centuries. By the 1830s, diving techniques that relied on air pumped to divers from the surface had been sufficiently well developed as to allow divers to work underwater for extended periods of time. Although these early techniques worked, they didn’t entirely compensate for some diving concerns. Eventually, the improved technology of the 19th century resulted in compressed air pumps, regulators, carbon dioxide scrubbers and other improvements that allowed divers to remain underwater for longer and longer periods of time. As diving techniques improved, it became more apparent that there were at least two concerns in diving to depth. One, of course, was the need for an air supply that would eliminate the need to hold one’s breath. The other problem was the need to compensate for depth. (Brylske, 1994; Somers, 1997) In 1905 Scotland’s John Scott Haldane reported the fundamental discovery that breathing is regulated by the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood and in the brain. Haldane developed a method of decompression in stages that allowed deep-sea divers to ascend to the surface safely, information used for today’s decompression charts. His work and that of the French physiologist Paul Bert increased our understanding of the physiological effects of air-pressure sufficiently to improve out knowledge of the hazards of diving to depth and how to overcome those hazards. Our understanding of the effects and safe limits of using compressed air for diving is due largely to the work of Haldane and Bert. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) Today, we realize that decompression, recompression, carbon dioxide and oxygen toxicity are important factors to consider in diving. Diving history can essentially be divided into four periods. Initially, there was the period of free diving when humans held their breath. Diving time and diving capacity were limited by the availability of air, the build-up of carbon dioxide and the effects at depth of pressure on the body. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) Later advances in diving during the second period of diving history led to the creation of heavy walled diving vessels which could maintain their internal atmosphere to that of sea level (1 atmosphere) so as to prevent the surrounding water pressure from being a hazard to the occupants. Diving bells and bathysphere are two such devices. Bathyspheres are essentially unpowered hollow steel balls that can be lowered from a mother ship by a steel cable. A bathyscaphe is a is bathysphere with a buoyancy control that eliminates the need for a cable. Then there is the submarine, a powered device with its own air supply and which is built so that it can handle all of the problems associated with depth and so it can travel great distances in any direction under its own power. Bathyspheres, bathyscaphes and submarines required a means to maintain the pressure at one atmosphere around the diver and a means to provide fresh oxygen while getting rid of exhaled carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide was eliminated by using soda lime, lithium hydroxide and other compounds that take up the carbon dioxide. Later during this period, one atmosphere diving suits were also developed that were flexible and yet able to withstand pressures at great death so as to allow divers to work at depths up to several hundred meters for hours. (Somers, 1997) Diving entered a period of using compressed air next. The air could be supplied from the surface and delivered to the diver at depth. The hand-operated air compressor was a major advancement in diving history. It had appeared by 1770 and allowed for the development of helmet-hose diving systems that were the predominant diving techniques from 1800 until the mid-1950s. Unlike then final period, during this period of diving the diver is separated from his/her air supply, but has air delivered through a long umbilical cord to a regulator and mouthpiece carried by the diver. At great depth, the diver can be enclosed in a dive suit that can handle the water pressure at depth. These suits can be cumbersome but the buoyancy of the water can relieve some of their burden. Although diving masks with a regulator, mouthpiece and hose may come to mind when one considers these devices, caissons are also included in this category. Caissons are huge spaces that are supplied with compressed air. Diving bells and rigid helmet diving suits are also grouped in this category. The air that the diver breathes is at the same pressure as that of the water surrounding the diver thus leaving him at risk for decompression concerns such as the bends, air embolism, etc. pon their ascent if they ascend too fast. To assist with this concern, special mixtures of gas are used that allow divers to dive deeper than with compressed air. These gas mixtures combine oxygen with another gas or gases such as hydrogen, helium and/or nitrogen. (Somers, 1997; Gilliam and von Maier, 1992) The most recent development in diving is diving with compressed air or gas mixtures that include oxygen carried by the diver. This is referred to by the acronym â€Å"S. C. U. B. A. † which is generally referred to as scuba diving. Scuba stands for self contained underwater breathing apparatus and refers to the fact that the diver carries his or her air supply on their back while diving. Although we may view scuba gear to be a recent development in diving technology, the development of scuba gear can be traced back to 1680 when Borelli, who also experimented with fins and buoyancy compensation, developed a device based on the theory that the hot air a diver exhales could be rejuvenated by cooling and condensing in. (Somers, 1997) Although Borelli’s gear failed, it still represents a step forward in diving theory and technology. By the first third of the nineteenth century, Condert published a scuba design using a helmet and a compressed air reservoir that fit around the diver’s waist. In 1865, Rouquayrol developed a surface-supplied regulator system that did ultimately have an effect on today’s scuba gear. By 1878, Fleuss and Davis developed a closed-circuit oxygen scuba device that used chemical carbon dioxide as absorbent. (Gilliam and von Maier, 1992; Somers, 1997) The scuba equipment commonly used today was developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Somers, 1997; Cousteau, 1986; Marx, 1990) The two principle types of scuba equipment are open circuit and closed circuit equipment. Open circuit equipment vents the expired air into the water while closed circuit systems all the carbon dioxide to be absorbed and add more oxygen so that the air can be re-used. Scuba divers are at risk for decompression problems if they ascend too fast and various gas mixtures allow scuba divers to go d eeper than with compressed air. Scuba diving has a number of advantages over other forms of diving. The tanks allow the diver to remain underwater longer than would be possible by simply holding one’s breath. Even though scuba allows divers to go deeper than with snorkeling and allows them more freedom than would be possible using compressed air from the surface, its major disadvantage is that the time spent underwater is limited by the amount of compressed air in the tanks. Since time is of essence and all muscle activity decreases the amount of time that oxygen will be available, scuba divers can increase the amount of time they will have underwater with scuba gear if they exert less energy while diving. Although most divers swim underwater while diving, they can resort to propulsion devices referred to as Diver Propulsion Vehicles (DPVs) commonly called â€Å"scooters† to move underwater. The term SCUBA originally referred to rebreathers used by the military for underwater warfare but today it generally refers to open-circuit equipment. However, rebreathers are also classified as scuba gear. The history of diving is certainly to complex and exciting to cover in these few pages, but what few comments have been presented do demonstrate how rich that history is and how far it extends back in time. Only by considering how far back into history diving extends and the advances diving has made with the passage of time will we truly realize the fascination diving has held for us through time. Perhaps the next great advance in diving will not be man growing gills, but whatever it will be will only add to the present fascination and allure of diving. We can only build on the future of diving by understanding how we arrived at our present level of knowledge and technology.

Green & Co.

Company Name: Greens & Co. Research Subject: Market Research for Exporters This Case study is based on the largest and most successful supermarket chains in the UK, Greens & Co. for the purpose of doing a market research to enter the American Grocery market. I have tried to answer the given questions as I have understood the Case study and the market research strategies taken by Greens & Co. 1. Identify the types of market intelligence that Greens & Co. sed to move into the US market. Ans: In my opinion competitor intelligence used by the Greens & Co. to identify the advantages and disadvantages of their US based competitor or potential rival, McLarens before entering the US market Because, McLarens was already so successful in such a huge market. As per my understanding of the case study, the types of market intelligence that Greens and Co. used are the following: i) Forces that have an effect on the market: Greens and Co. s analysts observed the cooking and the shopping patterns of households as well as their spending and quantity patterns which cover all demographic segments and gathered required information about each family including family income, number of members of each family, employment status, group, food habits, attitude towards fast food and healthy food age for a long time. They even considered the time spent at home by each family member ii) Product specific data: Greens and Co. ’s analysts discovered that American consumers like to visit different stores for different products.So, before opening in Southern California, the company researched about both food quality and price for increased sales. They found that 46% of consumers were more prone to choose the healthier food when two equally priced food were offered to them. Some consumers were also ready to pay extra for the healthier food than the less expensive less nutritional option. iii) Market Infrastructure: The concept of a cross between convenience stores and grocery stores( Green XPress) was never a usual scenario for US consumers where the products shall be a lot less expensive than convenience store yet he environment is more customer oriented than typical grocery store. So, Greens and Co. took the initiative of introducing the GreenXPress format because they realized that this format had the potential to be successful because of it’s unique offerings. 2. What information gathered from the research influenced Greens & Co’s business decisions? Ans: The information gathered that influenced Green and Co. ’s business decisions are the following: )The most important information that influenced Green & Co’s decision to enter the US market is that their US competitor McLarens , they did not have as much presence in California as in other states, states which gave Greens & Co. an opportunity to enter the Californian market without entering into a head-on competition with McLarens. ii) They discovered that American consumers prefer healt hier food no matter the healthier versions of any product meant to be more expensive. iii) The researcher of Greens & Co. found that American consumers visit different stores for different products.This gave them an opportunity to have American’s try their brand out as well as the older brands already existing in the market and those that they are familiar with. iv)They found that there is no such presence of the concept of GreenXPress format, which is a cross between a grocery and a convenience store, which meant the products cost less than a convenience store yet the environment was more customer oriented than a normal grocery outlet. So, the introduction of such concept will be beneficial for people with both high disposable income as well as low income people. . Using the case study, formulate the research objectives for the primary/qualitative research that was conducted in American family homes. Ans: As per the case study, the research objectives were: i) To study the A merican kitchens and examining the contents of their refrigerators, as well as tracking grocery shopping frequency, spending and quantity patterns with several demographic segments. ii) To observe the food habits of the average Americans, whether they were more fast-food oriented or healthy food oriented. ii) To gather information about each family, including household income, family size and employment status to figure out whether average American families are able to buy products from the Green & Co. outlets. iv) To gather information about age group of the family members to determine whether there are more children or adults to determine the family’s tendency for fast food or healthy food and even the time spent by family members at home. 4. Was Greens & Co. pursuing exploratory, descriptive or causal research? Provide examples from the case study to support your response. Ans: In my opinion, Greens & Co. as pursuing more of an exploratory research design as the research t hat they made were based on observation, pulling out primary data about American consumers and executive interviews. The research they made were exploratory in nature, providing a picture of the market which included the potential market size and purchasing or shopping frequency. The analysts of Greens & Co. spent a lot of time analyzing the refrigerator contents, the family income, the employment status, the age group of family members, the time that the family members are present at home, the food habits etc. hich all suggest that in these pieces of information they were actually exploring the American families to gain insights so that they can be successful in the US market. 5. The retail grocery and consumables market is probably one of the most concentrated in the US. What sort of research was covered prior to the move into the American grocery market? Ans: Prior to the move into a huge market like US the Greens & Co. had conducted research based on competitive intelligence and then competitor intelligence.They found that their biggest competitor McLarens did not have that hold in California as strong as in the other states of US which provoked them to enter the US market by starting at California while escaping a strong competition. They gathered information about the different groups of people with different income levels. Not only that they also gathered some very important information from interviewing competitor’s executives and also conducted a survey including 200 shoppers to see the correlation that both food quality and price resulted in increased sales.The most important thing they found in US that there is no such concept of a cross between a grocery and a convenience store, which means the products will cost less than a convenience store yet the environment will be more customer oriented than a normal grocery outlet. So, it can be said that they have mainly conducted exploratory research and some sort of causal research before entering the US market. Sources: Course Documents, PPT #1,#2,#3 Case study material (Assignment #01) http://www. marketingprofs. com/ea/qst_question. asp? qstid=2819

The Unabomber

The Unabomber For 17 years, an elusive criminal sent homemade bombs that targeted universities, airlines and computer stores, killing three people and injuring 23 others. The FBI branded Theodore Kaczynski a domestic terrorist, with the nickname the â€Å"Unabomber† (Unabomber). Theodore â€Å"Ted† Kaczynski was born in Chicago, Illinois, where, as a child prodigy, he excelled academically. He was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16, where he graduated from four years later and then earned a PhD in mathematics several years after that.He then accepted a position at The University of California, Berkley campus as an assistant professor at the age of 25 (Unabomber). After two years at Berkley, Kaczynski seemed to have lost interest in everything around him. He quit his job and moved to an isolated cabin, without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana. He wanted to learn survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient (Kaczynski). After wit nessing the wilderness and environment around him get destroyed by industrial development, Kaczynski decided to start a bombing campaign (Kaczynski).From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent sixteen bombs to targets, including universities and airlines (Unabomber). The first mail bomb was sent in late May 1978 to materials engineering professor Buckley Crist at Northwestern University, where a policeman, Terry Marker, opened the package which exploded immediately, leaving him with severe injuries to his left hand (Unabomber). He not only mailed his bombs, but would also hand place them throughout the United States. In California Kaczynski hand placed a nail and splinter loaded bomb in a parking lot of a computer store.When it was touched, it exploded, killing the 38-year-old computer store owner (Unabomber). Theodore was not just a murder with no motive, he proclaimed that humans were ruining the world through technology (Kaczynski). After 17 years of his bombing campaign, he sent his 35,00 0-word essay â€Å"Industrial Society and Its Future†, abbreviated to â€Å"Unabomber Manifesto† to major media outlets around the U. S. (Unabomber). The essay called for a worldwide revolution against the effects of modern society's â€Å"industrial-technological system† (Kaczynski).He stated that â€Å"the Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race† (Kaczynski). Several months after the Unabomber Manifesto was printed on the Washington Post, Kaczinski's brother and wife recognized his brothers writing styles and beliefs and tipped off the police. FBI officers arrested Kaczynski on April 3rd, 1996, at his remote cabin in Lincoln, Montana. Theodore thinks of himself as perfectly sane, with justifiable reasons connected to his crimes (Kaczynski). Theodore Kaczynski was sentenced to eight life sentences in prison with no possibility of parole.

Nursing Research Utilization Project: Section C Essay

Several articles have been reviewed as a research base for this project. Identification of appropriate research is critical to the successful implementation of nurse-led evidence-based practice protocols. Each article was carefully selected for what it could contribute to the quality of the project. Using the evidence in this research will help with the development of an implementation plan. Article #1 Adams, D., Bucior, H., & Day, G. (2012, January). HOUDINI: make that urinary catheter disappear-nurse-led protocol. Journal of Infection Prevention, 13, 44-48. This article discusses the use of 7 criteria that must exist in order to keep an indwelling urinary catheter in place. According to Adams (2012), the average daily risk of developing a bacteremia with an indwelling urinary catheter increases by 3%-7% for every additional day the catheter remains indwelling. The study uses the acronym HOUDINI to demonstrate the criteria. The acronym stands for Hematuria, Obstruction, Urologic surgery, Decubitus ulcer, Input and output measurement, Nursing end of life care, and Immobility. In the absence of these aforementioned indications, according to the study, the catheter should be removed to decrease the risk of catheter-associated bacteremia. Article #2 Bernard, M. S., Hunter, K. F., & Moore, K. N. (2012). A Review of Strategies to Decrease the Duration of Indwelling Urethral Catheters and Potentially Reduce the Incidence of Catheter- Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Urologic Nursing, 32(1), 29-37. This article discussed different strategies to decrease the incidence of indwelling urinary  catheter times. It was a retrospective study that analyzed data obtained from hospital databases. The study supports nurse-led or electronic chart reminders every 24 hours to assess the need for indwelling urinary catheters on a daily basis. The conclusion lists timely removal as one of the main factors affecting the incidence of CAUTI. Article #3 Clarke, K., Tong, D., Pan, Y., Easley, K., Norrick, B., Ko, C., & †¦ Stein, J. (2013). Reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections by bundling interventions. International Journal For Quality In Health Care: Journal Of The International Society For Quality In Health Care / Isqua,25(1), 43-49. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzs077 This article reviews the affect on incidence of CAUTI by bundling interventions. Also a retrospective study, this research reviewed the effectiveness of bundling four interventions for patients with indwelling urinary catheters. The bundle consisted of 1) Using a silver alloy impregnated catheter 2) Using a securement device to limit the catheter movement 3) Repositioning of the catheter tubing if it was found to be kinked or on the floor 4) Prompt removal of the catheter on post operative day one or two. Implementing this bundle of care for patients resulted in a significant decrease in CAUTI for these study participants. Pre implementation of the bu ndle the CAUTI incidence rate was 5.2/1000. Seven months post implementation the CAUTI incidence rate was 1.5/1000. The authors have proven with statistical significance that the four-intervention bundle will be successful in reducing the incidence rate of CAUTI in indwelling urinary catheter patients. Article #4 Levers, H. (2014). Switching to an antimicrobial solution for skin cleansing before urinary catheterisation. British Journal Of Community Nursing, 19(2), 66-71. This study suggests that switching to an antimicrobial cleaning solution for the area prior to insertion of a urinary catheter will reduce the incidence of CAUTI. The research recommended using Octenilin solution for cleansing the meatus prior to catheterization. The case studies are ongoing and no results were mentioned in the study except for to say the change was cost neutral and the practice change is promising. This study failed to show a statistically significant decrease in CAUTI post  implementation. Article #5 Meddings, J. A., Reichert, H., Rogers, M. M., Saint, S., Stephansky, J., & McMahon Jr., L. F. (2012). Effect of Nonpayment for Hospital-Acquired, Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 157(5), 305-312. This study reviewed the Centers for Medicare Services (CMS) recent (2008) initiative to hold or eliminate reimbursement for costs associated with hospital acquired CAUTI. This study alluded to the misuse of coding in failing to identify CAUTI when it actually did exist, therefore claiming the financial impact on health care organizations is low for non-payment of hospital acquired CAUTI. Even when the researchers included all urinary tract infections catheter associated and otherwise, the loss of reimbursement to healthcare organizations would have been less than 1% due to improper coding. Conclusion In conclusion, the prevalence and incidence of CAUTI is affected by many factors. First health care workers need to be aware of the significance of CAUTI and be compliant with new practice guidelines to decrease risk. Second, adherence to inclusion criteria for indwelling urinary catheters and their placement using the HOUDINI protocol (Adams, Bucior, & Rimmell, 2012). Lastly, implementation of a bladder bundle to decrease the incidence of hospital acquired CAUTI. Each factor focuses on a unique evidence-based prevention, reduction, or eradication strategy to address the problem of CAUTI. Health care workers, who possess an awareness of the need to decrease this preventable infection, will add to the forward trajectory of solving this problem, and implementing this project. References Adams, D., Bucior, H., & Day, G. (2012, January). HOUDINI: make that urinary catheter disappear-nurse-led protocol. Journal of Infection Prevention, 13, 44-48. Bernard, M. S., Hunter, K. F., & Moore, K. N. (2012). A Review of Strategies to Decrease the Duration of Indwelling Urethral Catheters and Potentially Reduce the Incidence of Catheter- Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Urologic Nursing, 32(1), 29-37. Clarke, K., Tong, D., Pan, Y., Easley, K., Norrick, B., Ko, C., & †¦ Stein, J. (2013). Reduction in catheter-associated urinary tract infections by bundling interventions. International Journal For Quality In Health Care: Journal Of The International Society For Quality In Health Care / Isqua,25(1), 43-49. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzs077 Levers, H. (2014). Switching to an antimicrobial solution for skin cleansing before urinary catheterisation. British Journal Of Community Nursing, 19(2), 66-71. Meddings, J. A., Reichert, H., Rogers, M. M., Saint, S., Stephansky, J., & McMahon Jr., L. F. (2012). Effect of Nonpayment for Hospital-Acquired, Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 157(5), 305-312.

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm

Aspects frequently highlighted include global media and telecommunications, global brands, worldwide production and integrated financial markets. At the forefront of these phenomena are Multi National Enterprises (MNEs), benefiting from the opening of markets across the globe, and from advances in computing and internet technology, which make it possible to link far-flung activities in global networks. Considering these elements, globalization can further be defined as the process of increasing and deepening interactions between individuals and organizations across the globe, facilitated by advancing communications technology and the opening of markets to trade and investment. Theories of International production have attempted to explain the convergence towards a globalised world, while addressing the different types of international expansions. These theories have focused on MNEs and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs). FDI can be defined as investment by an organization in a business in another country, with a view to establishing production in the host country. While Raymon Vernon is known for his theory of Product life cycle, Stephen Hymer laid emphasis on the location and ownership advantages of countries, which helped in attracting FDI from MNEs. John Dunning incorporated Internalisation to the analysis of Hymer, which became known as the Eclectic Paradigm (or OLI Paradigm), one of the most comprehensive theoretical explanations with specific focus on FDI. Still the Eclectic Paradigm is being challenged in the modern globalised world, as it fails to take into account the implications of existing modes of entry of MNEs, as well as the advantages of Alliance Capitalism. It is being discussed further in this report. Theories of International production have greatly facilitated the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. Different theorists at different time intervals attempted to justify the expansion of MNEs across the globe. Hymer (1970) was the first one to propose that MNEs are institutions of international production rather than international capital movement. Still he ignored the natural imperfections attributed to transaction costs in an imperfect market. In today’s world, with the proliferation on Internet use, imperfections like bureaucratic hurdles and control of distribution systems (Bain, 1956) are absent. Even the imperfections like price determinism and information transfer are shrinking. Thus it can be argued that Hymer’s major contribution relating to the importance of structural market imperfection in determining FDI activity does not hold good for corporations, which are expanding globally through e-channels (for instance). Vernon (1966) came up with the International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) theory, which explained the locational dimension of FDI. According to him, production first starts in the home country fro local markets, and exporting is used to attain foreign markets. As the product matures and production is standardized, production moves to less developed countries to reduce labour costs. The basic assumption of the IPLC is that knowledge is not equally and universally distributed (Vernon, 1966). This assumption, however, is not applicable in today’s world, as Vernon (1979) himself admits that there is a more perfect distribution of knowledge across the globe. He argues that firms who are global scanners follow a different trend than that of the IPL approach, because such firms have the ability to effectively scan global markets for the best factor endowments. Though, a lot has been discussed and said on the theories of International production, yet none of the approaches (Hymer, Vernon, Barney) simultaneously explains the importance of resources heterogeneity, entrepreneurial competence, network governance and the rise of alliance capitalism. Thus, an overarching analytical framework is needed, that can synthesize these disparate views and account for the importance of location- based advantages and ownership advantages. Such a framework was developed by Dunning (1973; 1988; 1993) known as The Eclectic Paradigm. It is a framework that explains the growth of MNEs by bringing together disparate theories. According to Dunning, the Eclectic Paradigm is less of an alternative theory of International production and more of a framework that synthesizes the essential and common characteristics of each main theoretical explanation on the growth of MNEs. For more than two decades the Eclectic Paradigm (EP) remains a widely used general framework for studying the growth of MNCs and Dunning has also continuously revised and extended the EP to explain changing facets of MNCs. Dunning (1988) has re-stated that the EP is robust and general enough to incorporate future developments like renewed the focus on entrepreneurship and the emergence of global networks (Dunning, 1995). The Eclectic Paradigm explains that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and growth of multinational corporations (MNCs) is linked to the extent and nature of ownership-specific advantages of the firm, the extent and nature of location bound endowments, and the extent to which markets for these advantages are best internalized by the from itself. In short, it is the configuration of these Ownership (O), Location (L) and Internalization (I) advantages that determines a firm’s international production and growth. In a somewhat updated version, Dunning (1988) describes the three essential factors for international expansion: * Ownership Advantages are unique competitive or monopolistic advantages, typically developed in the home market, that permit the firm to compete successfully in overseas markets. These factors are of two types: Asset Advantages arise from proprietary ownership of unique assets protected by structural market distortions, and Transactional advantages provide a unique capacity to capture value from the transaction benefits of owning a network of assets located in different countries. * Location factors, tied to the local foreign market, which make production in the host country preferable. These are immobile factors, such as cheaper labour, high shipping costs, local image or trade barriers, that can be combined with transferable intermediate ownership assets to generate superior products. Internalisation factors, typically related to the industry, produce transactional market failure in transferring ownership advantages to foreign markets. This also explains the naming of the EP as the OLI configuration as well. The eclectic model, then, pulled together the key elements of neo-classical theory – location, industrial organisation theory – monopolis tic advantage and internalization theory – transactional efficiency. It used this eclectic mix to produce an internally consistent, compelling and testable model of the multinational firm and its strategic processes.

Controversial Advertising Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Controversial Advertising - Coursework Example Since wary and cynical viewers are bombarded with an ever-increasing number of advertising messages, they immediately tend to put up their defences as they detect they are being sold something. Marketers must therefore rely on more subtle methods of communicating a message to their consumers. Stealth marketing attempts to catch people at their most vulnerable by identifying the weak spot in their defensive shields. Stealth marketing represents the latest in a long line of marketers' attempts to get their brands noticed in a crowded marketplace by flying below the consumers' radar. It is considered a viable alternative to conventional advertising because it is perceived as softer as and more personal than traditional advertising. Stealth-marketing attempts to present a new product or service by cleverly creating and spreading "buzz" in an obtuse or surreptitious manner. (1) Instead of aggressively shouting to everybody at the same time, stealth marketing tends to whisper occasionally to a few individuals. It loads a product or service with attractive features that make it "cool" or "in" and relies heavily on the power of word of mouth to encourage customers to feel they just "stumbled" upon the product or service them. The main objective of controversial advertising is to get the right people talking about the product or service without it appearing to be company-sponsored. ... (1) Instead of aggressively shouting to everybody at the same time, stealth marketing tends to whisper occasionally to a few individuals. It loads a product or service with attractive features that make it "cool" or "in" and relies heavily on the power of word of mouth to encourage customers to feel they just "stumbled" upon the product or service them. The main objective of controversial advertising is to get the right people talking about the product or service without it appearing to be company-sponsored. Essentially, it creates a positive word-of-mouth environment whereby selected consumers become spontaneous carriers of the message. Eventually, the message is diffused in concentric circles, from the trendsetters to mainstream consumers. The initial message can be conveyed in a variety of ways: physically (celebrities or trendsetters may be seen with the brand); verbally (people sneak the brand name in on-air or off-air conversations); virtually or virally (message is transmitted via internet chartrooms, newsgroups, or weblogs); or in any combination thereof. If consumers like the new product or service, they will be delighted to mention it to their friends and colleagues who probably know people just like themselves. By attempting to incorporate the product in the target audience's lifestyle, stealth marketing tends to present products and services by the softest sell of all. Brand managers looking to move beyond the traditional reliance on 30- second TV commercials should explore the feasibility of using controversial advertising techniques. While stealth marketing is an emerging phenomenon in the controversial advertising arena, it will become more

Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Criminal Justice - Essay Example In an example, the Muslims living in United States feel that the government has failed to protect them from the aggression emanating from the local population. Initially, the society has been instrumental in ensuring that young generation is guided according to the rules and regulations set by the community. The old people were acting as a guide to the young people in the society. However, with some communities being marginalized, the young people have become an easy target by terrorists groups which recruit them with promises of making money. These are groups that train the youth on how to shoot and bomb people. They convince the youth that they will be rewarded or they are doing according to the teaching of their religion. The young people are learning how to shoot from violent video games. Currently, they are spending a lot of their time watching simulations of how to shoot and bomb. This is making them to look for guns and bombs in order to have a firsthand experience. Religious programs can be used by religious leaders to train the young people on how to resolve conflicts. In addition, conflict resolution programs, e.g. through encouraging the youth to work in diverse groups can be initiated in the society in order to train the young people on how to resolve conflicts without using violent

Social Ideals of Motherhood, Parenting, and Reproduction (responses) Essay

Social Ideals of Motherhood, Parenting, and Reproduction (responses) - Essay Example Dubois birth control assertion is in fact a state policy now to provide reproductive health to protect women from childbirth mortality. Society has already recognized the injustices of incorrect perspective about women, motherhood and parenting. Racism as Dubois had fought before is no longer tolerated in the workplace nor does it make a coloured woman unfit for motherhood. Davis complaint of women’s unfair treatment at work is slowly being eradicated albeit it has to be admitted that it still exist today. Conscious efforts however are already been made to make to end this discrimination at work. For example, US military has removed the ban on women for combat positions. The economic reality also compels both wife and husband to work together to sustain the household. To those couples who have the opportunity to work together, the option of two breadwinners has become the favourable option rather than merely having the wife stay at home. The social and economic reality makes the assertions of these thinkers either a given or being accepted as fact that it is no longer being

High Profile Interest Group influence on legislation Essay

High Profile Interest Group influence on legislation - Essay Example Citizen interest groups, on the other hand, with their considerable organizational resources and wide base of support have shown their effectiveness over time in passing new laws by the use of direct legislation (Baumgartner & Hojnacki, 2009). In the United States, for example, alcohol and tobacco companies have been lobbying against the legalization and taxation of marijuana. This is in a bid to ensure that they make the most out of the American population’s high spending on leisure. This paper will discuss how one such high profile interest group, the California Beer & Beverage Distributors has influence legislation and also include the writer’s thoughts and opinion. Interest groups are a significant mechanism for citizens and economic organizations to make elected leaders know their views, needs and ideas so that they can influence the process of making legislation in their favour (Hays, 2001). The California Beer & Beverage Distributors (CBBD) opened up a new front in the campaign of what was referred to as Proposition 19 when it contributed $10,000 to a committee, Public Safety first, that was in opposition to the proposition. The proposition aimed at legalizing and subsequent taxing of controlled marijuana. Since CBBD is a organization in an industry that would have to compete with legal marijuana, it was protecting the interests of its members by lobbying against the legalization. Illicit drugs have been a threat to the alcohol and tobacco industries for a long time, hence the participation of CBBD in opposing the proposal. If marijuana is made legal for recreational purposes, then that would make the threat much bigger. Looking at the situ ation from this perspective, my opinion is that CBBD did not join the campaign solely, or with focus on, the safety of the public that would be compromised by marijuana. On the contrary, when the

The community paramedic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The community paramedic - Essay Example Johns Ambulance of Western Australia) community paramedics are described as follows by The Council of Ambulance Authorities (CAA) report from the year 2009: The advantages of this new development are numerous and community focused. First, is that there is better access to healthcare services for isolated patients. Paramedics are often trained to reach remote locations and deal with diverse situations whether acute, emergency or chronic. This need is further exacerbated by the fact that physicians have been unwilling to attend to patients at home level (Money) due to matters of violence, cost and other issues (Magin P) (J). This therefore makes it possible for patients to access better healthcare in these remote areas. They, also provide an alternative to crowding of local health facilities that may be small or inadequately equipped. This is because facilities are known to be less equipped due to the reduced populous of the rural areas. The paramedics though, have adequate training and access to facilities such as life support that can be utilized in certain settings to enhance survival odds of patients before they get access to larger more equipped hospitals. Another advantage of the community paramedics is the reduction of load on the national emergency system 911, as they attend to the repeat cases and cases such as those of prank callers, drug abusers, chronically ill and mentally ill patients. This has a subtle advantage as it allows the 911 service to be more effective as an emergency tool for the truly deserving cases. This, though, is not to imply that the minor cases are less deserving. This also reduces the total budget cost on the state thus diverting the resources to provision of healthcare on other levels. Another advantage of this new venture is the fact that chronically ill patients, elderly patients and patients in need of frequent checkup can be catered for this is a service previously hard to come by, but highly essential for this

The Boeing 747 Jet Versus the BAe-Aerospatiale Concorde Coursework

The Boeing 747 Jet Versus the BAe-Aerospatiale Concorde - Coursework Example Why build planes so big? The major reason is to carry more people for the same amount of money in the same amount of time, thus creating a profit which is the goal of every big business. The bottom dollar counts and so does the top dollar. But while some lines of big jumbo jets have been successful, other designs have not been so lucky and it is important to understand why one design worked and the other didn’t. For this paper, a study of two plane designs is reviewed: the Boeing 747, a continuously successful company design, now in several versions of the original, and the BAe-Aerospatiale Concorde, now defunct. At the heart of these two planes are the project structures of each and why one was a success and the other a failure. Every product and every service has a project plan that shows goals and how the project is to be managed along the way to the final goal. The truth is that sometimes everything can be well-thought out in a project management plan yet there can be a li ttle monkey wrench thrown into the mix that was never seen or envisioned, and a perfectly designed plan can go right down the drain in a flash (Noland 2012a). The Boeing 747 As commercial airlines began growing in business with more and more people taking to the skies in the 1950s and 1960s, Boeing moved to the forefront in the commercial airlines industry by providing the Boeing 707 in 1958. The 707 carried about 200 passengers and, with an eye towards profits, the concept for the 747 was roughed out which would carry 400 passengers. In fact, the design was initially based on one done for the Air Force’s C-5 military mega-lifter competition between airline designers to see who could build the most efficient heavy-load carrier for that time. While Boeing lost out to Lockheed in the military contest, Pan American Airline’s president Juan Trippe was already looking for a design in a plane that could carry 400 passengers. Boeing just happened to have the right design hand y that could be modified into a 400-passenger commercial plane. Pan Am subsequently ordered 25 747s for $550 million and the project was on (Noland 2012a). The New Boeing 747-8F in Flight Fig. 1(Boeing 2012) The 747 Project As sometimes happens in monumental decisions, the order was in and paid for, yet where to build it was another question that had to be solved quickly. With a plane this size, no current factory was large enough to contain it so one had to be built, and quickly. Time was money and Boeing began a massive building structure in Everett, Washington which would encompass 200 million cubic feet, twice the size of the Houston Astrodome, and would cost twice as much as the fee paid by Pan Am for the planes. Boeing invested $1 billion in constructing the building before even investing in materials to build the plane itself. Already operating at a loss, if the plane as a whole, failed, then so would Boeing (Noland 2012a). Yet the target was the market gain that could be mad e if the plane was successful. It was a huge investment for the future, albeit a somewhat risky one when considering how much in debt Boeing began with in terms of the project cost.

Samsung as a new IT leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Samsung as a new IT leader - Essay Example This paper concerns the marketing as a business strategy by which a manufacturer or producer of any goods or services shifts from the basic production function and takes into concern the needs and requirements of the customers-to-be. In this case, a manufacturer aims at discovering what customers’ interests in a rival product are and then attempt convince them that their product is better than the rivals’. The marketing department sells the product to the customer in such a way that the customer feels they have gained from the bargain more utility than they have paid for. Concisely, the main work of the marketing department of any institution can be summarized as to identify, satisfy and retain customers. Oversaturation of markets with similar goods from different manufacturers is among the many factors that resulted in development of marketing strategies. Therefore, a distinction between products by different manufacturers must be made to ensure that a customer knows t he product they are choosing well before making judgment. In addition, a manufacturer should know the trends, tastes and preferences of customers as they change with the times. This means that if technologically savvy people are shifting towards the use of smaller but feature packed gadgets, then the manufacturer should either adapt or produce the ideal gadget for consumers. Conversely, the manufacturer can try various available advertising methods to convince customers as to why their gadget is much better than their gadget of choice. Therefore, in order to achieve its objectives and remain competitive, a firm should be capable of anticipating and satisfying customer needs better than competitors (Armstrong, Harker, Kotler and Brennan 2009, p.7). Market and Literature Review Apple versus Samsung Brand There are two main differences between the two brands, market perception and pricing. Customers assume that products that tend to be for the high-end market are of higher quality. On the other hand, consumers in a market could be concerned by the number of features available in a product. Therefore, before venturing into the Chinese market, it is necessary to know the consumer perspectives about products from both companies in order to determine the measures that the firm should take to ensure competitive and profitable sale of Samsung products (Mankiw 2009, p. 290; Joshi 2005). The major concern for a consumer in the Chinese market is the authenticity of electronics since traders have

A Personal Take on the Debate Between Rationalism and Empiricism.Doc Essay Example for Free

A Personal Take on the Debate Between Rationalism and Empiricism.Doc Essay The study of knowledge, or epistemology, contains theoretical methods by which information is learned. Of these methods, two are most widely accepted. These two methods, rationalism and empiricism, are also the most widely debated methods of knowledge acquisition. Rationalism claims that knowledge is gained by a priori processes and intuition. Rationalism claims that knowledge is innate; however the level of innate knowledge contained by humans varies amongst rationalists. At the other end of the spectrum, empiricism claims that knowledge is gained largely by experience, observation, and sensory perception. These views pose a striking contrast and controversy within the theory of knowledge. Which view is correct, or is there even a correct view? As rationalism and empiricism are studied and compared, it becomes evident that empiricism is the more correct theory of the acquisition of knowledge. However, in order to believe so, there must be a differentiation between knowledge and behavior. According to the empirical scientific process, bodily behavior and function is rationalist. That is, it occurs without humans first learning how to breathe and pump blood with their heart. Knowledge however, refers to The British philosopher John Locke is credited with formulating the complete modern doctrine of empiricism. Locke proposed that, upon entrance into the world, the mind is a white paper upon which experiences leave their marks. According to Locke in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding the predominant sources of ideas and knowledge are sensation and reflection. It seems that after receiving knowledge empirically, the human mind resorts to reflecting on the information. This reflection could ultimately lead to the internalization of knowledge, therefore making it seem innate upon recall of the information. Scottish philosopher David Humes thoughts and theories regarding empiricism are the basis of what is understood as empiricism today. Humes studies on empiricism took empiricist ideas to a whole new level. Hume divided all of knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact. Relations of ideas encompass logical propositions such as mathematics and geometry, while matters of fact are pieces of knowledge dependent on observation. Hume goes even further in saying that ideas, commonly understood as arising from human intuition (rationalism), are empiricist. According to Hume, ideas are merely remembrances of impressions or sensations gained by experience and observation. Humes ideas here are not unreasonable. While ideas can be new or innovative they generally do build upon the knowledge already possessed by experience. For example, the iPod was a new idea; however the idea itself was a remembrance of previous portable music devices such as the Walkman or Discman. In effect, Hume seems to be saying that new ideas are simply improvements made to existing ideas gained through impressions and sensations. While rationalism and empiricism are generally recognized as opposing views, it is important to remember that they are not mutually exclusive when understood in a general sense. However, when a philosopher is looking for the fundamental source of all knowledge, then one view must be discarded in favor of another. By separating human knowledge from human body function, it is reasonable to conclude that all human knowledge and ideas are gained empirically and through experience.

What is quality management?

What is quality management? Question 1 (a)Benchmarking Benchmarking measures performance or quality aspects against a competitor or industry standard. For example we could benchmark the profits made on internal projects. The importance of benchmarking is that it continuously assess the companys performance results against that of its competitors and helps implement good practices to achieve set targets, improve efficiency and to maintain competitiveness. It is also important in decreasing the risks linked with change by observing what factors contributed to the success of other companies. (b) 7-Run Rule The Seven Run Rule, is a technique used for quality control and its importance lies in the fact that it can be used to identify non-random problems when using control charts. It is normally an automatic process whereby alerts are generated when there is a significant variation in output. It helps by determining the non-random problems by evaluating progression of specific characters for the development of products characteristics (for e.g. the no. of defects in software) which could occur in a minimum seven time period. It allows the project manager to see the processes that are out of control, thus he is able to identify the causes of these non-random events and make adjustments to the process to correct or eliminate them (c) International standards There are many tools for quality management, including quality standards and models. Some of them are: ISO 9000:2008 Capability Maturity Model (CMM) Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) ISO/IEC 9126 Software engineering ISO 15504 also known as SPICE Quality can be defined as exceeding customer needs and expectations throughout the life of a product. When we build a system, developers are looking for performance and comply with the users requirements and how well it meets the users needs fitness for use. But it happens that the system developed which is in conformity to the requirements may at the end not please the customer who is becoming more conscious about the quality of the product he is paying for. Customers are more comfortable if they see that quality is being addressed during the project. Nowadays customers requirements/needs are very high, their quality aspects have got much better, they are more demanding now compared to some time back and thats why we have customers issue management. The International Standards are important because they provide rooms for performance improvement in potentially all the activities undertaken by the organization by adopting a systematic and scientific approach to managing the organisation processes/deliverables so that they consistently deliver a product/service as per customers expectations. These processes can be quite easily managed and monitored. In return they improve and ensure that appropriate quality of service is provided to customers and as such the level of customer satisfaction automatically gets increased. Additionally International Standards are also important in helping organisations to provide a kitemark seal of approval for customers and suppliers so they know that the work of the company is of a high standard. (d) Delphi Technique We know that the higher the number of participants in a meeting, the decision making process takes longer in terms of time due to devils advocate. The meeting can get monopolised by the devils advocate whose eccentric views can reach unjustified significance and prevent the group to find consensus. We also know that in a face-to-face discussion, situations of groupthink can occur. This can lead to poor decision making which in turn leads to decrease in quality. So, to avoid such negativities, the Delphi technique is used instead. The importance of Delphi technique is that it decreases such disadvantages towards decision making in groups and creates conducive working environment whereby the probability of groupthink is zero. Anonymity allows the participants to express their opinions freely, promote frankness and avoids approving errors by reviewing earlier forecasts. Its aim is to ensure that everyone gets a fair and equitable chance to express their viewpoint, identify areas where there is agreement or disagreement and try to find consensus. It significantly improves processes of meetings to ensure the quality of deliverables and rapid decisions being taken. Question 2 (a) Net Present Value NPV recognises the value of a dollar received today to the value of that same dollar received in the future, taking into account all cash flows occurring over the duration of the project. Hence, it is said to be a measure of the true profitability of projects. The importance of NPV is to help project managers in the selection of projects by evaluating and prioritising potential projects. If the NPV of a potential project is positive, it should be accepted. However, if NPV is negative, the project should probably be rejected because cash flows will also be negative. According to the value additively principle, if we know the NPV of individual projects they can be added together and hence the value of the firm will increase by the sum of their net present values (NPVs). (b)Return on Investment ROI is the basic tool used to assess both profitability and performance and also to prioritise IT projects. It is calculated by dividing the net benefits of a project by the initial cost of the project. It is possible to identify the percentage return for each cost unit invested by multiplying this value by 100. For projects lasting more than a year we need to use discounted values to take account of the effect of inflation. The importance of ROI is evaluating the financial impact of a project before a project can be started. Negative ROI is bad and means that costs are larger than benefits. High positive values are good and the higher the better. ROI is also used in the project selection process, with investment made on those projects with the highest ROI. (c) Break†even point The break-even point is defined as the point where sales or revenues equal expenses. There is no loss incurred or profit made at the break-even point. Break-even point is important for managers for taking the right decisions. For example it helps the management in knowing the lowest number of units that could be produced to at least earn so much to cover the cost of production without profit or loss.. It helps the management to estimate up to which level sales can be reduced but even though achieve some kind of profit from production and sales or how much costs can increase to even then company at profit point and can survive loss position. (d) Parametric modeling Software cost estimation is difficult, we have several methods and one of the methods is Parametric modeling which is a mathematical model using project characteristics to extrapolate from previous project data, for example in the COCOMO model the number of Lines of Code is one parameter to use when estimating the cost of a new system. It is done at the beginning of the project and is helpful to project managers who are inexperienced in software cost estimation. Parametric modeling is only as good as the model and historic data allows and requires skilled staff to apply the formulae and interpret the results. Parametric modeling also considers several aspects related to the resources required: staffing and costs related to hardware and software required. Question 3 (a) McClellands Acquired Needs Theory As per McClelland our needs are categorized into three aspects: Achievement Affiliation Power Considering my case, currently   I am working as an ICT System Support Officer at the SSR International Airport where I am required to work on shifts and have many deadlines to respect. I can categorise my needs as follows: Achievement My aim is to become the companys next System Administrator who is the next post on the hierarchy and have my salary raised which is symbolise progress and achievement. Power I know that if I attain this post I will need to know how to deal with my co-workers and the user community. I also need to know how to use the institutional powers given to me by the management to organise the efforts, motivate, influence and manage my subordinates. This is essential for me so as to keep control of all the works and do ensure that the goals and objectives of my company are achieved. Affiliation Also, at this position it is going to be important for me to meet and learn from other System Administrators know-how and experience which are indeed important through network interactions. I also know that at this position interaction with other people in the same position is important for sharing of knowledge, skills and tips. (b) The Meyers†Briggs Type Indicator As per Meyers†Briggs Type Indicator we use a four-scale structure for identifying the personality and categorising a persons behavioural preferences: Extrovert/Introvert Sensation/Intuition Thinking/Feeling Judgment/Perception Considering my case, I categories myself as an Extrovert/Introvert I am an Extrovert person, I always discuss new ideas and tentative solutions to problems with my fellow colleagues before they are finalised. Another example is when I am participating in meetings with the top management, I do not hesitate to voice out my opinion or solution to a problem even if I am not sure if the solution is viable or not. But before that I will warn them that we are just suggesting and trying to come up with a fully working solution. Sensation/Intuition I am Intuitive, for example, where I work we have some 600 CCTV cameras which are constantly under surveillance by the Control Room Operators. Lastly we have been experiencing several slowdowns of the system and frequent problems with the workstations used by the operators. Being an intuitive person I have felt that the number of complaints has increased too much which is unacceptable. Instead of carrying a survey on the data storage capacity of our Video recorders, CPU usage, RAM usage or network bandwidth which can be done later I will try to convince the management that we urgently need to buy spare servers for our Digital Video Manager database, Access control servers, video recorders and spare workstations due to the fact theses equipments are nearing their end-of-life since they were purchased in 2006. Thinking/Feeling I have a preference for Thinking but sometimes I can be of the Feeling type too. It happened once where we were busy completing a project whereby we had to configure Microsoft Outlook with the new settings for some 600 users. We have stopped using Microsoft Exchange and using Google Apps instead. We had to complete this job in 10 working days with a workforce of 5 technicians. We were on track and 3 more days left to finish the work, then 1 technician requested 2 days off since he was aggrieved over the sudden death a close family. My Thinking preference made me weigh the effect of the two days off on the schedule and the increased workload of the other 4 technicians who now has to complete the work of their colleague. I was tempted to say NO but my feeling preference made me consider the factors from other side whereby the technicians output will be affected due to his low morale; I accorded him his two days off. Judgment/Perception I categorise myself as a Perceiver, for example when carrying out preventive maintenance on servers I prepare a rough estimate of the time taken to accomplish this task, but I will never give to anyone the estimate. This is because you never know what incidents might happen during the maintenance; some parts might get damage during cleaning/blowing for example or I may notice the beginning of hard disk failure. Therefore the original estimate will be extended due to repair or installation of a new hard disk. I would never operate as a Judger who might see the task of replacing the hard disk as a discrete task and try to complete the maintenance according to the schedule. (c) The Social Styles Profile As per the Social style profile personality of people can be perceived into four zones based on three principal dimensions of Social Style—assertiveness, responsiveness, and Versatility The four Social Styles are: Analytical, Driver, Amiable and Expressive Considering my case, I can say that I show both the Driver Style and the Expressive Style Driver I can say that I am a Driver, due to the fact that I am proactive and like to take initiative, get things done and make things happen. I constantly accept challenges and am always first into solving problems. I prefer to work within time frames and like to focus on actions that will get things done and realize concrete outcomes. Expressive I like to work fast and I like feeling the people who work with me, I am always complimenting, applause when the team has done a good job and aacknowledge the efforts put in to complete projects on schedules. Also my priorities are the user community and the stakeholders. (d) DISC Profiles As per the DISC profiles, all people share these four styles in varying degrees of intensity; D (Drive) I (Influence) S (Steadiness) C (Compliance) I am Direct and Decisive and a like to overcome obstacles and is a good problem solver. I like projects that produce tangible results. I like to discuss solutions with my team first and not afraid to speak out and is generally optimistic. I do not fear new challenges without fear. I am capable of handling several projects at the same time. Question 4 (a) Milestones Milestones are the diamond shapes we like to put in our Gantt charts. It is a kind of measurement that serves as tools to keep track of the progression and any deviation that may happen. Milestones is like the point of start of the next journey to the next milestone, and the time required and money needed will be estimated on the basis of how far we have progressed on the project and it is the number milestones that have been reached by the team. Milestones are simply short-term goals or the targets for the project team. Milestones help to boost the morale and confidence of the team who will enthusiast to go for the next Milestone. (b) Critical Chain Scheduling It is a method of scheduling that take into account the scarce resources available and which are being shared among projects when creating a project schedule. Its importance is to protect projects from the unavoidable slippages that occur in every project. It removes buffers from individual tasks by pushing them to completion in the shortest time possible and instead adds project buffer before the project scheduled completion date and feeding buffers before tasks which are on the critical path. It is a method applied to meet the tight schedule requirements that every project manager faces while, at the same time, helps companies to preserve quality and productivity. (c) Tracking Gantt Charts The importance of Tracking Gantt Chart is that it helps project managers to keep projects on schedule, make sure that tasks start and finish on schedule. The Tracking Gantt chart pairs the current schedule with the original schedule for each task and helps find trouble spots, tasks that vary from the baseline plan. Managers can then adjust task dependencies, reassign resources, or delete some tasks to meet your deadlines. (d) Reality checks Reality checks involve controlling and managing changes to the project schedule. Sometimes a task can be crushed in order to complete the project on time. Hence the importance of reality checks, it allows the project managers to know the how much buffers needs to be removed from certain tasks and redistribute it to other tasks which are lagging behind The importance of Reality Checks are that Project Managers can review the draft schedule or estimated completion date in the project charter and prepare a more detailed schedule with the project team. Also, it helps project managers to make sure the schedule is realistic and followed. if there are schedule problems, Project managers is able to alert top management well in advance. Question 5 (a) a critical path in a complex project Once I worked on a project where I had to configure a Network-attached Storage (NAS) server for the backup of CCTV Recorders and the setting up of the Tape recoders. We have already received the NAS, Dell Recorders etc, but the Cabinet for housing the equipments was not delivered on schedule due to the fact that the ship transporting the Cabinets has been attacked by the Somalian pirates. This caused the project to be completed with 40 days overdue. The configuration of the NAS which became the critical path could not be split as it has to be carried out by only one guy. (b) an effective team meeting My manager carries weekly meetings with his staff and for me his meetings are effective in the sense that there is an agenda, there is a time limit for the meeting and the meetings starts and adjourns on time. The manager ensures that talks do not stray away from original topics. There is always someone form the team assigned to take minutes of the meeting and these are sent to all members to remind them of their tasks and responsibilities. The manager always encourages the team members to speak up their thoughts. At the end of every meeting decisions are taken and everyone knows his tasks and responsibilities. The timeline of the tasks are also known to them. (c) risk mitigation that was found to be necessary I was working on a project where we had lay Fiber optic cables for the CCTV system, but during the task the team identified potential risks regarding the vulnerability of the fiber cables which could be eaten by rats. They were able to work out various mitigating strategies and came up with new type fiber cable which was more resisted to rodents and installed rodents traps and covered man holes and service ducts correctly. Indeed these risk mitigating tasks involve additional costs but was worth it and necessary. (d) crashing a task to reduce its duration Once we had to assemble 200 computers in one week with a workforce of 5 technicians working 5 days a week. Taking into account that the technicians were working on other projects too, it was quite impossible to complete the computer assembly on schedule. The only solution was to increase the workforce with more technicians from other projects in order to meet the deadline.